Objective: Objective: The purpose of this study is to answer the question of how people can change an institution whose rationality and actions are bound to the same institution. Methods: In this review article, using the keywords, institutional system, human action, institutional changes, innovation, knowledge creation, institutional environment, institutional changes, institutional hysteresis and searching in domestic and foreign academic sources, articles and books related to the subject were collected and studied. Then, the collected data has been analyzed and concluded in the "narrative review" method, in line with the purpose of the research. Results: Economic action is not atomistic but relational. Individual preferences, norms, values, ethics, tastes, styles, needs, and objectives emerge from and are co-constituted through the social embedding of economic interaction. Economic actors are not isolated beings who carry out atomistic behavioral scripts; rather, they are embedded in a social environment that constitutes meaning through repeated interaction. Such a concept of relational action has three implications: (a) Conceptuality, related to situated practice and reflexive, transformative action, (b) Path dependence, which is a matter of institutionalization and imprinting, and (c) Contingency, associated with serendipity, historical points of inflection, and purposive action toward institutional change. Conclusions: The conflict between the formation clause and the rationality of the actions of actors from institutions, and institutional changes by actors, can be through Social action, which is fundamentally reactive and contextual in nature, should be resolved. Social action cannot be understood as the implementation of institutional prescriptions , but is revealed as reflective interaction in specific spatial-temporal contexts. When actors see specific interests and individual benefits associated with potential new institutions, they act to support their development and adoption.

Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

Iran has many potentialities for the formation of regional disparities. There are intense inequality between provinces development in common and especially between central and border regions of country. The development index has relatively improved over the past 15 years, in all provinces, but, provinces with the highest and lowest development index is almost unchanged. The main aim of this research is analyzing current regional disparities and explaining its creation and continuity factors from the viewpoint of new economic geography. Study area of research are all provinces of country as geographical regions, but, Sistan & Baluchistan province as a less favored area has been investigated for demonstrating local factors effective on regional divergence. Research required data are collected through field study and some documents. The coefficient of variation has used for understanding Iran regional disparities. Viewpoints of 50 local experts has been analyzed through liker's method for extraction local factors effective on underdevelopment in Sistan and Baluchistan area. Research findings show that two factors are effective on country regional disparity. First, adherence to the conventional economic geographical view based on neoclassical and neoliberal approaches, and neglecting new economic geography in the planning. Neoclassical approach scientifically, haven't explaining, predicting and prescribing potentialities and its resulting planning cannot lead to regional convergence. Second, lack of production-oriented institutions are important effective factor on regional disparity and its continuity in Iran. Lack of production-oriented institutions formation has rooted in the rentier system.